of strength and power in the Old Testament (compare Deut 33:17; 1 Kgs 22:11; Psa 75:10; Ezek 29:21; Micah 4:13). Here, as the next verse shows, they stand for powerful nations. The fact that there were four of them is probably intended to indicate that the powerful nations were on every side. Compare the use of “four” in 2:6; 6:5 to stand for all directions. There is no point in trying to identify any four nations in particular. Zechariah does not make it clear whether the horns in his vision were
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